Boderry Storm square automatic (teal; there are white and black versions as well, all titanium-cased)
Tae-gun
I'm only concerned about watch case thickness if it's enough to get caught on shirts, jackets, dense undergrowth, and those sorts of things.
That's a relatively time-efficient method of getting into COSC spec lol.
A great collection.
If you're concerned about affordability of Swiss watches, I recommend you start by considering Glycine.
Oof, this is a tough one, but Baltic is my pick here.
Go for the Cocktail Time. Thanks to the enthusiastic and relatively large modding community for Seiko, sapphire crystals can be had for aftermarket modification.
It's a great collection. Perhaps you need a dress watch though.
You can probably find a second-hand Victorinox Chrono Classic for under U$300. If you go a little over that (say ~U$400-500) you may be able to find a used Victorinox Dive Master 500 chrono.
I rate it very highly. It is, however, missing a chrono.
There's actually a good chance they wouldn't have. Concerns about electromagnetic radiation, actual radiation, battery life, and the general size/shape of G-Shocks (i.e. difficulties with suits/gloves and uniforms, getting caught on untamed undergrowth) would be legitimate reasons for many people in high-intensity employment (e.g. divers, astronauts, pilots, military personnel) to choose smaller watches.
With regards to your "extension" of your argument (i.e. if people today wanted to be like the astronauts of the past, they'd use the pinnacle of the technology available to them, i.e. G-Shocks), that makes a number of assumptions that in some cases are factually incorrect or neglect field-specific considerations, some of which I pointed out in the previous paragraph.
Divers, for instance, do use the pinnacle of technology available to them - dive computers. Astronauts probably have suit concerns when considering watch size/bulk. Modern-day commercial pilots also use the pinnacle of technology available to them, which is the computers built into their aircraft.
As for G-Shocks and quartz watches in general being the pinnacle of horological technology, that's a majorly subjective position, and one open to all kinds of debate. Your argument also assumes that people in the present day, especially in high-intensity fields, wear watches for mostly practical reasons (hint: they do not; the watch is a convenient timekeeping device and a piece of functional jewelry, but in the practice of many fields, not just the high-intensity ones we discuss here, they are not an essential piece of equipment).
Where on a pilot's G-suit do you expect him (or her) to stash several thousands of dollars' worth of bills?
I totally understand the frustration with digital watches - I find them difficult to read even for lap swimming, especially when I have tinted goggles on, so I don't use them.