In Object-Oriented Programming, objects are instances of classes and they encapsulate behavior and state - that is what every textbook on OOP is teaching. However, there's a subtle limitation in OOP when it comes to dealing with changes in the state of these objects. We often try to mitigate that limitation by applying the State design pattern, but that adds extra complexity and potential confusion to downstream components, especially when using Object-Relational Mappers (ORMs).

In this video, you will learn to recognize the fundamental limitation of Object-Oriented Programming and how Functional Programming (FP) offers an inverse perspective. Through immutability and transformations of values, FP tends to make state transitions explicit and predictable, leading to a more straightforward way of handling the issues that would otherwise be too large a burden for a corresponding object-oriented model. This requires a shift in thinking and can introduce its own challenges and learning curves. It is a fascinating topic, shedding light on the fundamental underpinnings of OOP and FP, and their practical implications in software development.