I received a beautiful piece of mahogany from a neighbor that I would like to turn into a small coffee table. I have most of my design plans figured out but I don't know what these corners are called. I feel like I used to see them on tables everywhere but can't find an online example. I even picked up this board from the thrift store just because the corners are similar to what I want to do. I would have mine go in a little further and rout the edges with a round over bit or something so the edges and corner wasn't so sharp. But I really want to know if there is a name for this particular type of corner so I can research and make sure I do it properly, and also to explain what I'm doing a little bit easier.
Since you mention you are researching how to do it properly, the answer is "with a router jig".
A piece of wood with a circle cut in it matching the feature you want. Carefully line it up on your workpiece with 2 additional scraps making a fence referencing the two corner surfaces. Once you have it aligned how you want, screw/glue the fences to lock them onto your template. Make sure they overhang into your cut-out circle so that you can run a template bit through it to trim them tight to the hole. Doing this means they will provide some support to prevent blowout. Now you can align it to the square corner of your board and clamp it on, then quickly copy the feature to all corners using the same template/bearing bit.
So I have a rough idea of how I'm going to cut the corners I want, I mainly was looking for the type of name of the corner/edge so when I went to my local woodcrafting store it would be easier to ask what tools/bits I need. Or just explain to them what I'm doing, the guys that work there are older gentlemen that love to talk about tools and projects so they are always genuinely interested in what people are making.
Thanks for the advice though, I hadn't originally thought of additional rails/fence, most of my router work has been "let me route this edge and make it look nice" or "I can recess the wire for this bird feeder with a rabbet" I've never thought about using it to cut off a big corner of wood before so I may have to try it out on some scrap wood and see how it goes.